Anatomy:

• Cranial bones: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital bones
• Soft tissues: scalp, skin, subcutaneous tissue
• Facial structure: facial bones (zygomatic, maxilla, mandible), facial muscles

Physiology:

• Protects the brain
• Houses the major sensory organs
• Enables facial expression and communication

Anatomy:

• External structures: eyelids, eyelashes, lacrimal apparatus
• Ocular components: sclera, conjunctiva, cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina
• Cranial nerves: Optic nerve (Cranial Nerve II), Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Abducens (VI)

Physiology:

• Receives and processes visual input
• Pupils adjust for light and near/far vision
• Allows movement of the eyeball and coordinated gaze
• Watch: Pupil Light Reflex

Anatomy:

• External ear: auricle (pinna), external auditory canal
• Middle ear: tympanic membrane (eardrum), ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
• Inner ear: cochlea, semicircular canals
• Cranial nerve: Vestibulocochlear nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII)

Physiology:

• Detects sound waves and transmits them to the brain
• Maintains balance and spatial orientation

Anatomy:

• External/internal structures: nares (nostrils), nasal septum, turbinates
• Sinuses: frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid
• Cranial nerve: Olfactory nerve (Cranial Nerve I)

Physiology:

• Filters, warms, and humidifies inhaled air
• Detects odors and contributes to the sense of smell
• Assists in vocal resonance and sinus drainage

Anatomy:

• Oral cavity: lips, tongue, uvula, soft palate, tonsils
• Pharyngeal structures: oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx
• Neck: trachea, thyroid gland, cervical lymph nodes
• Cranial nerves: Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), Hypoglossal (XII)

Physiology:

• Facilitates swallowing and speech
• Supports immune defense via tonsillar tissue
• Regulates metabolism through thyroid hormone production